Ozone depletion has fartherreaching affects than most people can realize. Certain compounds such as chlorofluorocarbons, cfcs, are released into the atmosphere by human activities, and these cfcs particularly, they are very, very unreactive at the atmospherical ground level and they go all the way up to the stratosphere and then. To the point where a seasonal hole in the ozone layer began to appear above the antarctic. A report commissioned by nasa in 1973 found that the space shuttle would release chlorine, a highly reactive element theorized to destroy ozone in the stratosphere. Ozone in the stratospherea layer of the atmosphere between 15 and 50 kilometers 10 and 31 miles above usacts as a shield to protect. At the end of 20, 258 projects have been committed for an amount of 299m. Approximately 90 percent of the atmospheres ozone occurs from 1018 km 611 miles to about 50 km about 30 miles above earths surface. Ozone depletion refers to the wearing out or reduction of the amount of ozone in the stratosphere. During the long winter months of darkness over the antarctic, atmospheric temperatures drop. Although this international agreement is proving highly effective in reducing risks in the long term, uv radiation remains a.
Vocs also have negative environmental impacts, such as climate change, stratospheric ozone layer depletion, and the formation of groundlevel ozone 7 8. Prolonged exposure to uvb radiation is linked to skin cancer, genetic damage and immune system suppression in humans and animals, and lower. Pdf, ozone layer destruction and ways of its recovery iopscience. Memorandum updating atmospheric health effects model. The ozone layer, is made up of many molecules that contain three oxygen atoms. Some halocarbons ozone depleting substances, or odss deplete the ozone layer, while others greenhouse gases, or ghgs are thought to contribute to global warming. Ozone layer stratospheric ozone is a high concentration of ozone molecules about 30 to 50 km altitude stratosphere. The ozone layer is a common pool resource, not a public good. Reports of the ad hoc working group of legal and technical experts for the elaboration of a protocol on chlorofluorocarbons to the vienna convention for the protection of the ozone layer vienna group, unepwg.
Life on earth would not be possible without sunlight. Demonstration project using hfc32 technology in the. Stratospheric ozone depletion, ultraviolet radiation and. Ozone layer, also called ozonosphere, region of the upper atmosphere, between roughly 15 and 35 km 9 and 22 miles above earths surface, containing relatively high concentrations of ozone molecules o 3.
Global ozone research and monitoring projectreport no. At the end of 20, 258 projects have been committed for an. Two important measures of ozone considered by scientists are global total ozone averaged between 60n and 60s latitudes, and minimum ozone values in the antarctic ozone hole. Make a small section of the line dotted to represent the hole in the ozone layer. Pdf the protection of the ozone layer reiner grundmann. The ozone is between the stratosphere and the mesosphere. Signed 26 august 1987, it was made pursuant to the 1985 vienna convention for the protection of the ozone layer, which.
He and rowland formed a hypothesis about their fate, which suggested that cfcs would deplete the ozone layer. These are released by solvents, spray aerosols, refrigerators, airconditioners. Ozone layer, region of the upper atmosphere, between roughly 15 and 35 km 9 and 22 miles above earths surface, containing relatively high concentrations of ozone molecules. The montreal protocol, finalized in 1987, is a global agreement to protect the stratospheric ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone depleting substances ods. The affect of ozone depletion was studied by group 2. To follow up on the global commitment, on 26 june 1992, indonesia ratified the vienna convention, the montreal protocol and london amendment. It was first identified in 1970s due to the advent of supersonic aircraft, which fly in the lower stratosphere and emit nitrogen oxides. Although this international agreement is proving highly effective in reducing risks in the long term, uv radiation remains a health hazard. Stratospheric ozone depletion noaa earth system research. Human emissions of halogencontaining ozone depleting substances hodss led to a decline in stratospheric ozone until they were banned by the montreal protocol, and since 1998 ozone in the upper stratosphere. Feb 27, 2015 the ahefs ability to accurately project changes in ozone layer depletion is critical to its purpose of estimating the health benefits associated with various policy changes. The exposure to these radiations is severely affecting all life forms on earth.
Environmental studies ozone depletion tutorialspoint. This project was carried out in the framework of the dutch national research. However, the ozone layer is destroyed by manmade chemicals known as ozone depleting substances ods. Pdf there are many situations where human activities have significant effects on.
The sst was, at this time, still in development, but it was already a target of the environmental movement, whose power. If art is absent from those of other mold individuals into a contemporary ideal of all time, with the daily supervision of nonmanage rial employees. The reason behind the ozone layer depletion is mainly due to the extensive use of ozone depleting substances ods. Protecting the ozone layer department of the environment.
The concentration of ozone in the ozone layer is usually under 10 parts ozone per million 5. Increased uvb radiation reaching the earth would pose risks to human health and the environment. Scientists have been measuring the ozone layer since the mid1970s when concerns were first raised about the potentially harmful effects of cfcs on the ozone layer. Morgan richards, anna kathryn taylor, jarod green, and. Evidence for a continuous decline in lower stratospheric. Climatologists project that the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the lower atmosphere will change the worlds climate, and this has apparently already begun. These chemicals are being phased out, but the ozone layer is not predicted to heal to pre1980 levels. Chlorofluorocarbons or cfcs are the main cause of ozone layer depletion. Scientific assessment of ozone depletion ozone secretariat unep. Computer models project that the influence on global ozone of greenhouse gases and changes in climate will grow significantly in the coming decades and exceed the importance of odss in most atmospheric regions by the end of this century. The effort to protect the earths ozone layer has been the first occasion where. The world health organization was established in 1948 as a.
The majority of the earths atmospheric ozone, approximately 90%, is found in the stratosphere. Then, in 1987, they signed the montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer. Who stratospheric ozone depletion, uv radiation and health. Ozone o3 is a molecule made up of three atoms of oxygen o, and is mostly found in the stratosphere, where it protects us from the suns harmful ultraviolet uv radiation. Technical report on stratospheric ozone depletion european. Montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer.
Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer, examines the necessity and. The montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer. The ozone layer is not really a layer at all, but has become known as such because most ozone particles are scattered between 19 and 30 km 12 to 30 miles up in the earths atmosphere, in a region called the stratosphere. High up in our atmosphere, it performs a vital role in protecting humans and living things on earth from harmful uvb and uvc rays from the sun. The montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer, the first global legallybinding environmental treaty, was signed in 1987. This document, twenty questions and answers about the ozone layer. Temperature increases upward in the stratosphere as ozone molecules concentrated in the upper twothirds of the layer absorb ultraviolet solar radiation and decreasing air density results in greater agitation more kinetic energy of.
Earths atmospheric layers include the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Ozone depleting substances are those substances which deplete the ozone layer. Every year, since at least 1978, there is a sudden, rapid decrease in the stratospheric ozone levels at the end of the antarctic winter. Monitoring project, world meteorological organization, geneva, switzerland. The amounts of good stratospheric and bad tropospheric ozone in the atmosphere depend on a balance between processes that create ozone and those that destroy it. Federal register protection of stratospheric ozone. It is then transported to the extratropics by the brewerdobson circulation bdc, forming a protective ozone layer around the globe. The recognition of direct effects on human health effects was a major stimulus to the montreal protocol, which acts to reduce emissions of pollutants that weaken the ozone layer.
The only practical approach to stopping the destruction of the ozone layer is reducing humancreated pollutants that contribute to its depletion. The stratospheric ozone layer forms a thin shield in the upper atmosphere, protecting life on earth from the suns ultraviolet uv rays. The main causes responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer are listed below. The ozone layer depletion is a major concern and is associated with a number of factors. Analyze and interpret data to compare and contrast the composition of earths atmospheric layers including the ozone layer and greenhouse gases. National aeronautics and the ozone hole space administratio n. In australia, the melbourne visual impairment project demonstrated a rela tionship between uvr and cortical cataract, as well as an interaction between ocular. Within the stratosphere, the ozone layer is the portion that contains the highest. As a matter of fact, if one were to take all of the ozone in the atmosphere at o o c and compress it to a pressure of 1 atmosphere, the thickness of the ozone layer over the earths surface would be 0. Thus, the ozone layer is a very reactive envelope of gas consisting of the fairly scarce o 3 molecule. This is also where the ozone is found, which absorbs ultraviolet radiation.
The ozone layer vital for life the ozone layer is a layer of gas about 15 km above the earths surface. Ozone layer refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pumps technical options committee 2018 aessss me rntept or ozone secretariat. This distinction may be subtle, yet it has important consequences. When highenergy ultraviolet rays uvc strike an oxygen. The montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer, also known simply as the montreal protocol, is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion. Jun 19, 2012 chapter 4 stratospheric changes and climate pdf, 64 pp chapter 5 a focus on information and options for policymakers pdf, 60 pp twenty questions cover pdf, 1 pp twenty questions and answers about the ozone layer. Ozone layer depletionenvironmental aspectsunited states. Aug 28, 2015 ozone layer depletion, is simply the wearing out reduction of the amount of ozone in the stratosphere. The ozone hole is not really a hole but a thinning of the ozone layer over the south polar region. Air quality in urban areas ground level ozone ozone o3 is a reactive oxidant gas produced naturally in trace amounts in the earths atmosphere, and, depending upon its location in the atmosphere, ozone can be good or bad. Ozone depletion is allowing the uv radiation to earth surface. In this picture we are seeing how the ozone layer is destroyed and the effects of that destruction.
We simulated a world avoided, and its a world we should be glad we avoided, newman said. The montreal protocolthe regime designed to protect the stratospheric ozone layer has widely been hailed as the gold standard of global environmental governance and is one of few examples of international institutional cooperative arrangements successfully solving complex transnational problems. The activities related to ozone layer protection and implementation of the montreal protocol, are coordinated through the ozone unit, within the climate change and atmosphere department of the ministry of environment. A report for the 8th wmounep ozone research managers meeting, wmo, geneva, switzerland, may 2011 introduction the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer, increases in troposphere ozone, higher levels of acidity in rain, rising carbon dioxide and methane concentrations, and changes in the radiative. With so much worry about the rapid ozone depletion taking place in various parts of the earth, indian scientists are closely monitoring the ozone layer over india for possible depletion trends. To provide regulatory and policy support for enabling the industry to eliminate ods, the government of. Morgan richards, anna kathryn taylor, jarod green, and evan. This report summarizes updates to the ahef module known as the ozone maker, which projects ozone depletion based on. Although it represents only a tiny fraction of the atmosphere, ozone is crucial for life on earth. The montreal protocol is an international environmental agreement with universal ratification to protect the earths ozone layer by eliminating use of ozone depleting substances ods, which would otherwise allow increased uv radiation to reach the earth, resulting in higher incidence of skin cancers and eye cataracts, morecompromised immune systems, and negative. The amount of uv rays the ozone layer absorbs varies depending on the time of year and other natural events.
The montreal protocol has proven to be innovative and successful, and is the first treaty to achieve universal ratification by all countries in the world. The relationship between the two phenomena is complex, and new knowledge is emerging. Increased depletion has recently started occurring over the arctic as well. The montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer was adopted. Why the ozone layer is vital to life on earth the ozone layer is a protective shield that blocks the suns harmful ultraviolet rays from reaching the earths surface. Computer models of the atmosphere are used to assess past changes in the global ozone distribution and to project future changes. The main function of the ozone layer is to absorb the suns ultraviolet radiation, hence protecting the earth from its harmful effects. Ozone layer depletion cause, effects, and solutions. Stratospheric ozone has been depleted in recent decades. Protecting the ozone layer and reducing global warming. The ozone layer resides in the stratospheric layer of the earths atmosphere. Pdf causes of ozone layer depletion and its effects on human. Protecting the ozone layer and reducing global warming undp.
Global ozone research and monitoring project gormp add tag. The authors analyze the process of stratospheric ozone layer destruction. Although the stratospheric ozone layer still bears the impacts of ozone depleting substances. In 1987, the united states joined 23 other countries and the european union to sign the montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer montreal protocol. Ozone layer protection environmental protection department. Research into ozone depletion has therefore focused largely,though not exclusively,on trends and processes within the stratosphere,the layer of stratified, relatively stable air that houses the ozone layer and. In the 1980s, scientists knew that the ozone layer was being damaged by ozone depleting substances odss, which were specific manufactured chemicals e.
Jul 30, 1999 closer to earth in the troposphere the atmospheric layer from the surface up to about 10 km, ozone is a harmful pollutant that causes damage to lung tissue and plants. Scientists discovered in the mid1970s that certain manmade chemicals could destroy ozone. Its symbol is 0 3 because it is made of three oxygen atoms. Additionally, the ozone layer is thinner than it used to be due to ozone depleting chemicals used in industry and consumer products. Global ozone research and monitoring project report no. Ozone depletion and global warming overview page 1 of 5 halocarbons are chemical compounds containing carbon, one or more halogens, and sometimes hydrogen. But the energy emanating from the sun would be too much for life on earth to thrive were it not for the ozone layer. Undps work on ozone layer protection and programme impact 5 undpmpu supports sustainable development 10 undpmpu and emerging work under the ccac 12 linkages with the undp strategic plan 20142017 the importance of demonstration projects recent case studies. How severe is the depletion of the antarctic ozone layer. This year, we celebrate 35 years of the vienna convention and 35 years of global ozone layer protection. A public good can in principle be provided by a single actor without the freeriding of others adversely affecting it. There are natural processes that create and destroy ozone in the stratosphere. Approximately 90 percent of the atmospheres ozone occurs in the stratosphere, the region extending from 1018 km 611 miles to approximately 50 km about 30 miles above earths.
Nov 01, 2020 motivation research paper pdf case study interview approach direct essay method process control essays on ozone layer from his solo venture grew dell computer. In response, countries negotiated and adopted the vienna convention for the protection of the ozone layer in 1985, and the montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer in 1987. The layers which occupy the lower part of the atmosphere removes the unwanted pollutants from the earths surface. A good idea with a bad outcome the experiments run by newman and.
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